Capture primers and capture sequence linked solid supports for molecular diagnostic tests

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides systems, methods, and compositions for performing molecular tests. In particular, the present invention provides methods, compositions and systems for generating target sequence-linked solid supports (e.g., beads) using a solid support linked to a plurality of capture sequences and capture primers composed of a 3′ target-specific portion and a 5′ capture sequence portion. In certain embodiments, the target sequence linked solid support is used in sequencing methods (e.g., pyrosequencing, zero-mode waveguide type sequencing, nanopore sequencing, etc.) to determine the sequence of the target sequence (e.g., in order to detect the identity of a target nucleic acid in sample).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present Application claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. ______ filed Jul. 30, 2010 (filed concurrently herewith) and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/230,455 filed Jul. 31, 2009, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems, methods, and compositions for performing molecular tests. In particular, the present invention provides methods, compositions and systems for generating target sequence-linked solid supports (e.g., beads) using a solid support linked to a plurality of capture sequences and capture primers composed of a 3′ target-specific portion and a 5′ capture sequence portion. In certain embodiments, the target sequence linked solid support is used in sequencing methods (e.g., pyrosequencing, zero-mode waveguide type sequencing, nanopore sequencing, etc.) to determine the sequence of the target sequence (e.g., in order to detect the identity of a target nucleic acid in a sample).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the United States, hospitals report well over 5 million cases of recognized infectious disease-related illnesses annually. Significantly greater numbers remain undetected, both in the inpatient and community setting, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Critical intervention for infectious disease relies on rapid, sensitive and specific detection of the offending pathogen, and is central to the mission of microbiology laboratories at medical centers. Unfortunately, despite the recognition that outcomes from infectious illnesses are directly associated with time to pathogen recognition, as well as accurate identification of the class and species of microbe, and ability to identify the presence of drug resistance isolates, conventional hospital laboratories often remain encumbered by traditional slow multi-step culture based assays. Other limitations of the conventional laboratory which have become increasingly apparent include: extremely prolonged wait-times for pathogens with long generation time (up to several weeks); requirements for additional testing and wait times for speciation and identification of antimicrobial resistance; diminished test sensitivity for patients who have received antibiotics; and absolute inability to culture certain pathogens in disease states associated with microbial infection.

For more than a decade, molecular testing has been heralded as the diagnostic tool for the new millennium, whose ultimate potential could include forced obsolescence of traditional hospital laboratories. However, despite the fact that significant advances in clinical application of PCR techniques have occurred, the practicing physician still relies principally on standard techniques, such as culturing. As such, what is needed are rapid sensitive diagnostics systems and methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides systems, methods, and compositions for performing molecular tests. In particular, the present invention provides methods, compositions and systems for generating target sequence-linked solid supports (e.g., beads) using a solid support linked to a plurality of capture sequences and capture primers composed of a 3′ target-specific portion and a 5′ capture sequence portion. In certain embodiments, the target sequence linked solid support is used in sequencing methods (e.g., pyrosequencing, zero-mode waveguide type sequencing, nanopore sequencing, etc.) to determine the sequence of the target sequence (e.g., in order to detect the identity of a target nucleic acid in a sample).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods comprising: a) contacting a sample suspected of containing a target nucleic acid with a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein the capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to the target nucleic acid (e.g., such that it can be extended by a polymerase), and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence; and wherein the contacting is under conditions such that: i) the 3′ region of the capture primer hybridizes to the target nucleic acid and is extended to generate a first amplification product, and ii) the reverse primer hybridizes to the first amplification product and is extended to generate a second amplification product, wherein the second amplification product comprises a 3′ capture sequence complement capable of hybridizing to the capture sequence; and b) treating the sample under conditions such that the second amplification product is separated from the first amplification product; c) contacting the second amplification product with a solid support (e.g., beads) comprising a plurality of bound capture sequences under conditions such that the 3′ capture sequence complement of the second amplification product hybridizes to one of the bound capture sequences to generate a hybridized solid support; and d) treating the hybridized solid support under conditions such that one of the bound capture sequences is extended along the second amplification product to generate a target sequence that is linked to the solid support. In certain embodiments, the 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to the target nucleic when the 3′ region of the capture primer is hybridized to the target nucleic acid

In certain embodiments, the methods further comprise e) contacting the solid support with a plurality of free capture sequences and a plurality of the reverse primers under conditions such that the plurality of bound capture sequences are extended to generate a clonally amplified solid support comprising a plurality of the target sequences.

The present invention is not limited by the length or sequence of the capture sequence. Any desired sequence or sequence length may be employed so long as it can serve as a capture sequence and be compatible with amplification processes.

In particular embodiments, the conditions comprise emulsion PCR conditions (or similar conditions). In other embodiments, the conditions comprise bridge PCR conditions (or similar conditions).

In other embodiments, the methods further comprise treating the target sequence or sequences linked to the solid support under conditions such that at least part of the nucleic acid sequence of the target sequence is determined. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the target sequence is determined by a method selected from: pyrosequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, sequencing-by-ligation, single molecule SBS, and real-time sequencing. In further embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the target sequence is determined by a method employing at least one zero-mode waveguide.

In particular embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the target sequence is determined by a method comprising: contacting the target sequence with at least one nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst, labeled nucleotides, and at least one primer nucleic acid that is at least partially complementary to at least a subsequence of the target sequence, under conditions whereby the nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst extends the primer nucleic acid to produce an extended primer nucleic acid by incorporating the labeled nucleotides at a terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid, wherein nucleotides that comprise different nucleobases comprise different labels, wherein the different labels produce detectable signals as or after the labeled nucleotides are incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid, which detectable signals identify the labeled nucleotides incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid and/or complementary nucleotides in the template nucleic acid, and wherein the detectable signals are detected as or after the labeled nucleotides are incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid to thereby determine the nucleic acid sequence of at least a subsequence of the target sequence.

In certain embodiments, the labels comprise different fluorescent labels and the detectable signals are detected using a fluorescence microscope. In other embodiments, the at least one primer nucleic acid is a primer pair, wherein the primer pair comprises the capture primer and the reverse primer used for the initial amplification. In particular embodiments, the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid is the 3′ terminal end. In further embodiments, the nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises an enzyme including, but not limited to, a polymerase, a terminal transferase, a reverse transcriptase, a polynucleotide phosphorylase, and a telomerase. In some embodiments, the nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises one or more modifications. In other embodiments, the nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst is an enzyme derived from an organism that is selected from, but not limited to, Thermus antranikianii, Thermus aquaticus, Thermus caldophilus, Thermus chliarophilus, Thermus filiformis, Thermus flavus, Thermus igniterrae, Thermus lacteus, Thermus oshimai, Thermus ruber, Thermus rubens, Thermus scotoductus, Thermus silvanus, Thermus species Z05, Thermus species sps 17, Thermus thermophilus, Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermosipho africanus, Anaerocellum thermophilum, Bacillus caldotenax Pfu, KOD1, and Bacillus stearothermophilus. In further embodiments, the nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises a Φ29 DNA polymerase.

In some embodiments, a label is attached to one of a heterocyclic base of a labeled nucleotide, a sugar moiety of a labeled nucleotide, and a phosphate group of a labeled nucleotide. In further embodiments, a linker attaches a label to a labeled nucleotide. In certain embodiments, the extended primer nucleic acid is complementary to a subsequence of the target sequence. In other embodiments, the extended primer nucleic acid is complementary to a full-length sequence of the target sequence. In further embodiments, the primer nucleic acid comprises an intelligent primer.

In other embodiments, the label comprises a fluorescent dye, a non-fluorescent label, a colorimetric label, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a radioisotope, an antibody, an antigen, biotin, a hapten, or an enzyme. In some embodiments, the label is a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of: a rhodamine dye, a fluorescein dye, a halofluorescein dye, a dichlororhodamine dye, an energy transfer dye, a Lucifer dye, Oregon Green, and a cyanine dye. In particular embodiments, the label is a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of: JOE, VIC, TET, HEX, PAM, R6G, R110, TAMRA, and ROX. In certain embodiments, the label is a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of: ³H, ¹⁴C, ²²Na, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, ⁴²K, ⁴⁵Ca, ¹²⁵I, and ²⁰³Hg.

In certain embodiments, the capture primer and the reverse primer are configured to hybridize with conserved regions (e.g., conserved between two or more different bioagents) that flank a variable region (e.g., variable between two or more different bioagents). In further embodiments, the target nucleic acid comprises a mammalian nucleic acid, a bacterial nucleic acid, a viral nucleic acid, a fungal nucleic acid, or a protozoal nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining the target nucleic acid from one or more sample sources including, but not limited to, an environmental sample and a sample derived from a subject. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of the target sequence is compared to a database in order to determine the organismal source of the target nucleic acid. In further embodiments, the organismal source is identified at one or more taxonomic rank levels selected from the group consisting of: a Domain, a Superphylum, a Superdivision, a Superclass, a Superorder, a Superfamily, a Superspecies, a Kingdom, a Phylum, a Division, a Class, a Legion, an Order, a Family, a Tribe, a Genus, a Species, a Subkingdom, a Subphylum, a Subclass, a Cohort, a Suborder, a Subfamily, a Subtribe, a Subgenus, a Subspecies, an Infrakingdom, a Branch, an Infraphylum, an Infraclass, an Infraorder, an Alliance, an Infraspecies, a Microphylum, a Pan/class, and a Parvorder.

In some embodiments, the capture primer comprises a bar-code sequence between the 3′ region and the 5′ region, or at the 5′ terminal end (see, e.g., Hoffmann et al., Nuc. Ac. Res., 2007, 35(13), e91; and Binladen et al., PLoS ONE, 2007 (2), e197, both of which are herein incorporated by reference).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides systems comprising: a) at least one sequencing device; and b) a primer pair comprising a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein the capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid (e.g., such that it can be extended by a polymerase) to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence (e.g., wherein the 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to the target nucleic when the 3′ region of the capture primer is hybridized to the target nucleic acid), and wherein the reverse primer is configured to hybridize to the first extension product and be extended to form a second amplification product.

In other embodiments, the systems comprise: a) a primer pair comprising a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein the capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid (e.g., such that it can be extended by a polymerase) to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence (e.g., wherein the 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to the target nucleic when the 3′ region of the capture primer is hybridized to the target nucleic acid), and wherein the reverse primer is configured to hybridize to the first amplification product and be extended to form a second amplification product; b) a reaction vessel or substrate; and c) a detector configured to detect detectable signals produced in or on the reaction vessel or substrate, which detectable signals correspond to at least some nucleobases incorporated into a nucleic acid to generate nucleobase incorporation data.

In other embodiments, the reaction vessel or substrate comprises at least one zero-mode waveguide. In further embodiments, the detector comprises a fluorescence microscope.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides systems comprising: (a) a sequencing device configured to generate nucleic acid sequence data corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence of one or more amplicons produced using at least one purified oligonucleotide primer pair that comprises a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein the capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid (e.g., such that it can be extended by a polymerase) to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence (e.g., wherein the 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to the target nucleic when the 3′ region of the capture primer is hybridized to the target nucleic acid), and wherein the reverse primer is configured to hybridize to the first amplification product and be extended to form a second amplification product; and (b) a controller operably connected to the sequencing device, the controller configured to query a database with the nucleic acid sequence data to identify the target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides kits comprising one or more components for practicing the any of the methods described herein (e.g., solid supports, primers, polymerases, labels, detection devices, positive/negative controls reagents, analysis software, instructions for performing the methods, etc.).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary and detailed description is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are included by way of example and not by way of limitation.

FIG. 1A shows one embodiment of a capture primer of the present invention, including a 3′ region (dark gray) that hybridizes to a target nucleic acid and a 5′ region (black) that includes a capture sequence and does not hybridize to the target sequence. FIG. 1B shows another embodiment of a capture primer, this one including a bar code sequence between the 3′ region and 5′ region. FIG. 1C shows a solid support bead linked to a plurality of capture sequences (left side), where an amplified target sequence is hybridized to a capture sequence. FIG. 1C also shows (right side) the capture sequences extended (along the target sequence) as the result of clonal amplification (e.g., emulsion PCR).

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of the methods of the present invention. In FIG. 2A, a capture primer, with a hypothetical 5′ capture sequence “gatcct,” is extended (e.g., by a polymerase) along a target nucleic acid to generate a first amplification product. In FIG. 2B, a reverse primer is extended along the first amplification product to generate a second amplification product. FIG. 2C shows the first and second amplification products hybridized to each other and shows a 3′ capture sequence complement (“ctagga”) at the 3′ end of the second amplification product. FIG. 2D shows the second amplification product, after being separated from the first amplification product, hybridized to a capture sequence that is linked to a solid support bead. FIG. 2E shows the extension of the capture sequence along the second amplification product.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of the methods of the present invention. In particular, this figure shows the results of PCR with a capture primer and a reverse primer, and hybridization of one of the PCR amplicons with a capture sequence on a solid support bead. As indicated in the figure, emulsion PCR is carried out to clonally amplify the target sequences such that all or most of the capture sequences on the solid support are extended with a target sequence.

FIG. 4 shows a process diagram illustrating one embodiment of the primer pair selection process.

FIG. 5 shows a process diagram illustrating one embodiment of the primer pair validation process. Here select primers are shown meeting test criteria. Criteria include but are not limited to, the ability to amplify targeted bioagent nucleic acid, the ability to exclude non-target bioagents, the ability to not produce unexpected amplicons, the ability to not dimerize, the ability to have analytical limits of detection of ≦100 genomic copies/reaction, and the ability to differentiate amongst different target organisms.

FIG. 6 shows a block diagram showing a representative system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides systems, methods, and compositions for performing molecular tests. In particular, the present invention provides methods, compositions and systems for generating target sequence-linked solid supports (e.g., beads) using a solid support linked to a plurality of capture sequences and capture primers composed of a 3′ target specific portion and a 5′ capture sequence portion (e.g., configured to not hybridize to a target nucleic acid). In certain embodiments, the target-sequence linked solid support is used in sequencing methods (e.g., pyrosequencing, zero-mode waveguide type sequencing, nanopore sequencing, etc.) to determine the sequence of the target sequence (e.g., in order to detect the identity of a target nucleic acid in a sample).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods for identifying a range of organisms (e.g., bacterial and/or fungal pathogenic organisms) present in a sample (e.g., patient sample). For example, in particular embodiments, the methods involve using a series of amplification-specific primers to amplify selected nucleic acid regions of a target nucleic acid followed by detection of these regions (e.g., using one of several next-generation sequencing methodologies). In some embodiments, the amplification strategy comprises amplifying conserved and non-conserved genetic regions for broad surveillance and strain genotyping, respectively. Organisms are identified by comparing assembled sequence data against a database containing organism data.

In some embodiments, the methods, systems, and compositions of the invention are used as a general diagnostic strategy for the identification of pathogenic organisms in patient samples. Applications include, for example, clinical research, hospital-acquired infections, epidemiologic surveillance or forensics.

Certain embodiments of the methods of the present invention are shown in the figures. FIG. 1A shows one embodiment of a capture primer of the present invention, including a 3′ region (dark gray) that hybridizes to a target nucleic acid and a 5′ region (black) that includes a capture sequence that, in this embodiment, does not hybridize to the target sequence. The present invention is not limited by the type of target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is from a pathogenic organism (e.g., bacteria, fungi, parasite, virus, etc.). In other embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a human sequence (e.g., one suspected of containing a therapeutically relevant SNP). FIG. 1B shows another embodiment of a capture primer, this one including a bar code sequence between the 3′ region and 5′ regions. Such bar code sequences allow, for example, multiplex methods such that many different target sequences can be interrogated at once. FIG. 1C shows a solid support bead linked to a plurality of capture sequences (left side), where an amplified target sequence is hybridized to a capture sequence. The present invention is not limited by the sequence of the capture sequence. In some embodiments, the capture sequence does not hybridize with the target nucleic acid. FIG. 1C also shows (right side) the capture sequences extended (along the target sequence) as the result of clonal amplification (e.g., emulsion PCR or bridge PCR). In certain embodiments, such target sequence-linked solid support beads are used in sequencing methods, such as pyrosequencing, to determine the nucleic acid sequence of the original target nucleic acid.

FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of the methods of the present invention. In FIG. 2A, a capture primer, with a hypothetical 5′ capture sequence “gatcct,” is extended (e.g., by a polymerase or other enzyme) along a target nucleic acid to generate a first amplification product that is complementary to the target nucleic acid. In FIG. 2B, a reverse primer is extended along the first amplification product to generate a second amplification product. FIG. 2C shows the first and second amplification products hybridized to each other and shows a 3′ capture sequence complement (“ctagga”) at the 3′ end of the second amplification product. FIG. 2D shows the second amplification product, after being separated from the first amplification product, hybridized to a capture sequence that is linked to a solid support bead. As shown in FIG. 2D, the second amplification product has a capture sequence complement that hybridizes to the capture sequence on the solid support. FIG. 2E shows the extension of the capture sequence along the second amplification product. It is noted that this extended capture sequence can be clonally amplified such that some, most, or all of the capture sequences present on the solid support are extended such that they contain a target sequence. During clonal amplification (e.g., by emulsion PCR or bridge PCR) the primers employed for such clonal amplification may be the capture primer and reverse primer used in the original target sequence amplification. Solid supports, with bound target sequence, can then be subjected to sequencing technologies (e.g., next-gen sequencing technologies) such that the sequence, or at least part of the sequence, of the initial target nucleic acid is determined.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of the methods of the present invention. In particular, this figure shows the results of PCR with a capture primer and a reverse primer, and hybridization of one of the PCR amplicons with a capture sequence on a solid support bead. As indicated in the figure, emulsion PCR could then be carried out (e.g., using the capture primer and reverse primer used in the original PCR amplification) to clonally amplify the target sequences such that all or most of the capture sequences on the solid support are extended with a target sequence.

Sequencing Technologies

As described above, embodiments of the present invention involve sequencing the target sequences that are linked to the solid supports. The present invention is not limited by the the type of sequencing method employed. Exemplary sequencing methods are described below.

Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid sequencing techniques include, but are not limited to, chain terminator (Sanger) sequencing and dye terminator sequencing. Chain terminator sequencing uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. Extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short radioactive, or other labeled, oligonucleotide primer complementary to the template at that region. The oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, standard four deoxynucleotide bases, and a low concentration of one chain terminating nucleotide, most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide. This reaction is repeated in four separate tubes with each of the bases taking turns as the di-deoxynucleotide. Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular di-deoxynucleotide is used. For each reaction tube, the fragments are size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel or a capillary tube filled with a viscous polymer. The sequence is determined by reading which lane produces a visualized mark from the labeled primer as you scan from the top of the gel to the bottom.

Dye terminator sequencing alternatively labels the terminators. Complete sequencing can be performed in a single reaction by labeling each of the di-deoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength.

A set of methods referred to as “next-generation sequencing” techniques have emerged as alternatives to Sanger and dye-terminator sequencing methods (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety). Most current methods describe the use of next-generation sequencing technology for de novo sequencing of whole genomes to determine the primary nucleic acid sequence of an organism. In addition, targeted re-sequencing (deep sequencing) allows for sensitive mutation detection within a population of wild-type sequence. Some examples include recent work describing the identification of HIV drug-resistant variants as well as EGFR mutations for determining response to anti-TK therapeutic drugs. Recent publications describing the use of bar code primer sequences permit the simultaneous sequencing of multiple samples during a typical sequencing run including, for example: Margulies, M. et al. “Genome Sequencing in Microfabricated High-Density Picolitre Reactors”, Nature, 437, 376-80 (2005); Mikkelsen, T. et al. “Genome-Wide Maps of Chromatin State in Pluripotent and Lineage-Committed Cells”, Nature, 448, 553-60 (2007); McLaughlin, S. et al. “Whole-Genome Resequencing with Short Reads: Accurate Mutation Discovery with Mate Pairs and Quality Values”, ASHG Annual Meeting (2007); Shendure J. et al. “Accurate Multiplex Polony Sequencing of an Evolved Bacterial Genome”, Science, 309, 1728-32 (2005); Harris, T. et al. “Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing of a Viral Genome”, Science, 320, 106-9 (2008); Simen, B. et al. “Prevalence of Low Abundance Drug Resistant Variants by Ultra Deep Sequencing in Chronically HIV-infected Antiretroviral (ARV) Naïve Patients and the Impact on Virologic Outcomes”, 16th International HIV Drug Resistance Workshop, Barbados (2007); Thomas, R. et al. “Sensitive Mutation Detection in Heterogeneous Cancer Specimens by Massively Parallel Picoliter Reactor Sequencing”, Nature Med., 12, 852-855 (2006); Mitsuya, Y. et al. “Minority Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in Antiretroviral-Naïve Persons with Reverse Transcriptase Codon 215 Revertant Mutations”, J. Vir., 82, 10747-10755 (2008); Binladen, J. et al. “The Use of Coded PCR Primers Enables High-Throughput Sequencing of Multiple Homolog Amplification Products by 454 Parallel Sequencing”, PLoS ONE, 2, e197 (2007); and Hoffmann, C. et al. “DNA Bar Coding and Pyrosequencing to Identify Rare HIV Drug Resistance Mutations”, Nuc. Acids Res., 35, e91 (2007), all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Compared to traditional Sanger sequencing, next-gen sequencing technology produces large amounts of sequencing data points. A typical run can easily generate tens to hundreds of megabases per run, with a potential daily output reaching into the gigabase range. This translates to several orders of magnitude greater than a standard 96-well plate, which can generate several hundred data points in a typical multiplex run. Target amplicons that differ by as little as one nucleotide can easily be distinguished, even when multiple targets from related species are present. This greatly enhances the ability to do accurate genotyping. Next-gen sequence alignment software programs used to produce consensus sequences can easily identify novel point mutations, which could result in new strains with associated drug resistance. The use of primer bar coding also allows multiplexing of different patient samples within a single sequencing run.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods share the common feature of massively parallel, high-throughput strategies, with the goal of lower costs in comparison to older sequencing methods. NGS methods can be broadly divided into those that require template amplification and those that do not. Amplification-requiring methods include pyrosequencing commercialized by Roche as the 454 technology platforms (e.g., GS 20 and GS FLX), the Solexa platform commercialized by Illumina, and the Supported Oligonucleotide Ligation and Detection (SOLiD) platform commercialized by Applied Biosystems. Non-amplification approaches, also known as single-molecule sequencing, are exemplified by the HeliScope platform commercialized by Helicos BioSciences, and emerging platforms commercialized by VisiGen and Pacific Biosciences, respectively.

In pyrosequencing (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,891; U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,568; each herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), template DNA is fragmented, end-repaired, ligated to adaptors, and clonally amplified in-situ by capturing single template molecules with beads bearing oligonucleotides complementary to the adaptors. Each bead bearing a single template type is compartmentalized into a water-in-oil microvesicle, and the template is clonally amplified using a technique referred to as emulsion PCR. The emulsion is disrupted after amplification and beads are deposited into individual wells of a picotitre plate functioning as a flow cell during the sequencing reactions. Ordered, iterative introduction of each of the four dNTP reagents occurs in the flow cell in the presence of sequencing enzymes and luminescent reporter such as luciferase. In the event that an appropriate dNTP is added to the 3′ end of the sequencing primer, the resulting production of ATP causes a burst of luminescence within the well, which is recorded using a CCD camera. It is possible to achieve read lengths greater than or equal to 400 bases, and 1×10⁶ sequence reads can be achieved, resulting in up to 500 million base pairs (Mb) of sequence.

In the Solexa/Illumina platform (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,246; U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,400; U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,488; each herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), sequencing data are produced in the form of shorter-length reads. In this method, single-stranded fragmented DNA is end-repaired to generate 5′-phosphorylated blunt ends, followed by Klenow-mediated addition of a single A base to the 3′ end of the fragments. A-addition facilitates addition of T-overhang adaptor oligonucleotides, which are subsequently used to capture the template-adaptor molecules on the surface of a flow cell that is studded with oligonucleotide anchors. The anchor is used as a PCR primer, but because of the length of the template and its proximity to other nearby anchor oligonucleotides, extension by PCR results in the “arching over” of the molecule to hybridize with an adjacent anchor oligonucleotide to form a bridge structure on the surface of the flow cell. These loops of DNA are denatured and cleaved. Forward strands are then sequenced with reversible dye terminators. The sequence of incorporated nucleotides is determined by detection of post-incorporation fluorescence, with each fluor and block removed prior to the next cycle of dNTP addition. Sequence read length ranges from 36 nucleotides to over 50 nucleotides, with overall output exceeding 1 billion nucleotide pairs per analytical run.

Sequencing nucleic acid molecules using SOLiD technology (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,148; U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,073; each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) also involves fragmentation of the template, ligation to oligonucleotide adaptors, attachment to beads, and clonal amplification by emulsion PCR. Following this, beads bearing template are immobilized on a derivatized surface of a glass flow-cell, and a primer complementary to the adaptor oligonucleotide is annealed. However, rather than utilizing this primer for 3′ extension, it is instead used to provide a 5′ phosphate group for ligation to interrogation probes containing two probe-specific bases followed by 6 degenerate bases and one of four fluorescent labels. In the SOLiD system, interrogation probes have 16 possible combinations of the two bases at the 3′ end of each probe, and one of four fluors at the 5′ end. Fluor color and thus identity of each probe corresponds to specified color-space coding schemes. Multiple rounds (usually 7) of probe annealing, ligation, and fluor detection are followed by denaturation, and then a second round of sequencing using a primer that is offset by one base relative to the initial primer. In this manner, the template sequence can be computationally re-constructed, and template bases are interrogated twice, resulting in increased accuracy. Sequence read length averages 35 nucleotides, and overall output exceeds 4 billion bases per sequencing run.

In certain embodiments, nanopore sequencing in employed (see, e.g., Astier et al., J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Feb. 8; 128(5):1705-10, herein incorporated by reference). The theory behind nanopore sequencing has to do with what occurs when the nanopore is immersed in a conducting fluid and a potential (voltage) is applied across it: under these conditions a slight electric current due to conduction of ions through the nanopore can be observed, and the amount of current is exceedingly sensitive to the size of the nanopore. If DNA molecules pass (or part of the DNA molecule passes) through the nanopore, this can create a change in the magnitude of the current through the nanopore, thereby allowing the sequences of the DNA molecule to be determined. The nanopore may be a solid-state pore fabricated on a metal and/or nonmetal surface, or a protein-based nanopore, such as α-hemolysin (Clarke et al., Nat. Nanotech., 4, Feb. 22, 2009: 265-270).

HeliScope by Helicos BioSciences (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 7,169,560; U.S. Pat. No. 7,282,337; U.S. Pat. No. 7,482,120; U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,245; U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,395; U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,345; U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,245; each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) is the first commercialized single-molecule sequencing platform. This method does not require clonal amplification. Template DNA is fragmented and polyadenylated at the 3′ end, with the final adenosine bearing a fluorescent label. Denatured polyadenylated template fragments are ligated to poly(dT) oligonucleotides on the surface of a flow cell. Initial physical locations of captured template molecules are recorded by a CCD camera, and then label is cleaved and washed away. Sequencing is achieved by addition of polymerase and serial addition of fluorescently-labeled dNTP reagents. Incorporation events result in fluor signal corresponding to the dNTP, and signal is captured by a CCD camera before each round of dNTP addition. Sequence read length ranges from 25-50 nucleotides, with overall output exceeding 1 billion nucleotide pairs per analytical run. Other emerging single molecule sequencing methods real-time sequencing by synthesis using a VisiGen platform (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; U.S. Pat. No. 7,329,492; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/671,956; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/781,166; each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety) in which immobilized, primed DNA template is subjected to strand extension using a fluorescently-modified polymerase and florescent acceptor molecules, resulting in detectible fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) upon nucleotide addition. Another real-time single molecule sequencing system developed by Pacific Biosciences (Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296; U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,050; U.S. Pat. No. 7,302,146; U.S. Pat. No. 7,313,308; U.S. Pat. No. 7,476,503; all of which are herein incorporated by reference) utilizes reaction wells 50-100 nm in diameter and encompassing a reaction volume of approximately 20 zeptoliters (10×10⁻²¹ L). Sequencing reactions are performed using immobilized template, modified phi29 DNA polymerase, and high local concentrations of fluorescently labeled dNTPs. High local concentrations and continuous reaction conditions allow incorporation events to be captured in real time by fluor signal detection using laser excitation, an optical waveguide, and a CCD camera.

In certain embodiments, the single molecule real time (SMRT) DNA sequencing methods using zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) developed by Pacific Biosciences, or similar methods, are employed. With this technology, DNA sequencing is performed on SMRT chips, each containing thousands of zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs). A ZMW is a hole, tens of nanometers in diameter, fabricated in a 100 nm metal film deposited on a silicon dioxide substrate. Each ZMW becomes a nanophotonic visualization chamber providing a detection volume of just 20 zeptoliters (10-21 liters). At this volume, the activity of a single molecule can be detected amongst a background of thousands of labeled nucleotides.

The ZMW provides a window for watching DNA polymerase as it performs sequencing by synthesis. Within each chamber, a single DNA polymerase molecule is attached to the bottom surface such that it permanently resides within the detection volume. Phospholinked nucleotides, each type labeled with a different colored fluorophore, are then introduced into the reaction solution at high concentrations which promote enzyme speed, accuracy, and processivity. Due to the small size of the ZMW, even at these high, biologically relevant concentrations, the detection volume is occupied by nucleotides only a small fraction of the time. In addition, visits to the detection volume are fast, lasting only a few microseconds, due to the very small distance that diffusion has to carry the nucleotides. The result is a very low background.

As the DNA polymerase incorporates complementary nucleotides, each base is held within the detection volume for tens of milliseconds, which is orders of magnitude longer than the amount of time it takes a nucleotide to diffuse in and out of the detection volume. During this time, the engaged fluorophore emits fluorescent light whose color corresponds to the base identity. Then, as part of the natural incorporation cycle, the polymerase cleaves the bond holding the fluorophore in place and the dye diffuses out of the detection volume. Following incorporation, the signal immediately returns to baseline and the process repeats.

Unhampered and uninterrupted, the DNA polymerase continues incorporating bases at a speed of tens per second. In this way, a completely natural long chain of DNA is produced in minutes. Simultaneous and continuous detection occurs across all of the thousands of ZMWs on the SMRT chip in real time. Researchers at PacBio have demonstrated this approach has the capability to produce reads thousands of nucleotides in length.

Definitions and Further Description

It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Further, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology and grammatical variants will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below.

As used herein, the term “about” means encompassing plus or minus 10%. For example, about 200 nucleotides refers to a range encompassing between 180 and 220 nucleotides.

As used herein, the term “amplicon” or “bioagent identifying amplicon” refers to a nucleic acid generated using the primer pairs described herein. The amplicon is typically double stranded DNA; however, it may be RNA and/or DNA:RNA. In some embodiments, the amplicon comprises DNA complementary to HPV RNA, DNA, or cDNA. In some embodiments, the amplicon comprises sequences of conserved regions/primer pairs and intervening variable region. As discussed herein, primer pairs are configured to generate amplicons from bioagent nucleic acid. As such, the base composition of any given amplicon may include the primer pair, the complement of the primer pair, the conserved regions and the variable region from the bioagent that was amplified to generate the amplicon. One skilled in the art understands that the incorporation of the designed primer pair sequences into an amplicon may replace the native sequences at the primer binding site, and complement thereof.

The term “amplifying” or “amplification” in the context of nucleic acids refers to the production of multiple copies of a polynucleotide, or a portion of the polynucleotide, typically starting from a small amount of the polynucleotide (e.g., a single polynucleotide molecule), where the amplification products or amplicons are generally detectable. Amplification of polynucleotides encompasses a variety of chemical and enzymatic processes. The generation of multiple DNA copies from one or a few copies of a target or template DNA molecule during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a ligase chain reaction (LCR) are forms of amplification. Amplification is not limited to the strict duplication of the starting molecule. For example, the generation of multiple cDNA molecules from a limited amount of RNA in a sample using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR is a form of amplification. Furthermore, the generation of multiple RNA molecules from a single DNA molecule during the process of transcription is also a form of amplification.

As used herein, “viral nucleic acid” includes, but is not limited to, DNA, RNA, or DNA that has been obtained from viral RNA, such as, for example, by performing a reverse transcription reaction. Viral RNA can either be single-stranded (of positive or negative polarity) or double-stranded.

The term “base composition” or “base count” refers to the number of each residue (e.g., adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine, (C), (deoxy)thymidine (T), uracil (U), inosine (I), etc.) included in an amplicon or other nucleic acid (e.g., for single or multiple strands of those nucleic acids), without consideration for the linear arrangement of these residues in the strand(s) of the amplicon. The term “partial base composition” or “partial base count” refers to the number of each residue of at least one nucleobase type (e.g., a given purine nucleobase type, a given pyrimidine nucleobase type, and/or the like), but not each residue comprised in an amplicon or other nucleic acid (e.g., for single or multiple strands of those nucleic acids), without consideration for the linear arrangement of these residues in the strand(s) of the amplicon. For example, if a given amplicon or other nucleic acid includes four nucleobase types (e.g., adenosine (A), guanosine (G), cytidine, (C), and (deoxy)thymidine (T)), a partial base count for that amplicon or other nucleic acid would include the number of anyone of those four nucleobase types (e.g., [Aw], [Gx], [Cy], or [Tz]), any two of those four nucleobase types (e.g., [AwGx], [AwCy], [AwTz], [GxCy], [GxTz], or [CyTz]), or at most any three of those four nucleobase types (e.g., [AwGxCy], [AwCyTz], [AwGxTz], or [GxCyTz]), in which w, x, y and z are each independently a whole number representing the number of said nucleoside residues in that amplicon or other nucleic acid. To further illustrate, if a nucleic acid has the following composition: ATTGCCTAAGGTTAACG (SEQ ID NO:1), then partial base counts for that nucleic acid include: [A₅], [G₄], [C₃], [T₅], [A₅G₄], [A₅C₃], [A₅T₅], [G₄C₃], [G₄T₅], [C₃T₅], [A₅G₄C₃], [A₅C₃T₅], [A₅G₄T₅], or [G₄C₃T₅].

As used herein, a “base composition probability cloud” is a representation of the diversity in base composition resulting from a variation in sequence that occurs among different isolates of a given species, family or genus. Base composition calculations for a plurality of amplicons are mapped on a pseudo four-dimensional plot. Related members in a family, genus or species typically cluster within this plot, forming a base composition probability cloud.

As used herein, the term “base composition signature” refers to the base composition generated by any one particular amplicon.

As used herein, a “bioagent” means any biological organism or component thereof or a sample containing a biological organism or component thereof, including microorganisms or infectious substances, or any naturally occurring, bioengineered or synthesized component of any such microorganism or infectious substance or any nucleic acid derived from any such microorganism or infectious substance. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand fully what is meant by the term bioagent given the instant disclosure. Still, a non-exhaustive list of bioagents includes: cells, cell lines, human clinical samples, mammalian blood samples, cell cultures, bacterial cells, viruses, viroids, fungi, protists, parasites, rickettsiae, protozoa, animals, mammals or humans. Samples may be alive, non-replicating or dead or in a vegetative state (for example, vegetative bacteria or spores).

As used herein, a “bioagent division” is defined as group of bioagents above the species level and includes but is not limited to, orders, families, genus, classes, clades, genera or other such groupings of bioagents above the species level.

As used herein, “broad range survey primers” are primers designed to identify an unknown bioagent as a member of a particular biological division (e.g., an order, family, class, Glade, or genus). However, in some cases the broad range survey primers are also able to identify unknown bioagents at the species or sub-species level. The capture primers of the present invention may be a broad range survey primer. As used herein, “division-wide primers” are primers designed to identify a bioagent at the species level and “drill-down” primers are primers designed to identify a bioagent at the sub-species level. As used herein, the “sub-species” level of identification includes, but is not limited to, strains, subtypes, variants, and isolates. Drill-down primers are not always required for identification at the sub-species level because broad range survey intelligent primers may, in some cases provide sufficient identification resolution to accomplishing this identification objective. The capture primers of the present invention may also be division-wide primers or drill-down primers.

As used herein, the terms “complementary” or “complementarity” are used in reference to polynucleotides (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. For example, the sequence “5′-A-G-T-3′,” is complementary to the sequence “3′-T-C-A-5′.” Complementarity may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleic acids' bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. Or, there may be “complete” or “total” complementarity between the nucleic acids. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions, as well as detection methods that depend upon binding between nucleic acids.

The term “conserved region” in the context of nucleic acids refers to a nucleobase sequence (e.g., a subsequence of a nucleic acid, etc.) that is the same or similar in two or more different regions or segments of a given nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an intramolecular conserved region), or that is the same or similar in two or more different nucleic acid molecules (e.g., an intermolecular conserved region). To illustrate, a conserved region may be present in two or more different taxonomic ranks (e.g., two or more different genera, two or more different species, two or more different subspecies, and the like) or in two or more different nucleic acid molecules from the same organism. To further illustrate, in certain embodiments, nucleic acids comprising at least one conserved region typically have between about 70%-100%, between about 80-100%, between about 90-100%, between about 95-100%, or between about 99-100% sequence identity in that conserved region. A conserved region may also be selected or identified functionally as a region that permits generation of amplicons via primer extension through hybridization of a completely or partially complementary primer to the conserved region for each of the target sequences to which conserved region is conserved.

As used herein, in some embodiments the term “database” is used to refer to a collection of base composition data or sequence information data. The base composition data in the database is indexed to bioagents and to primer pairs. The base composition data reported in the database comprises the number of at least one type of nucleoside in an amplicon (e.g., A₁₇) that would be generated for each bioagent using each primer. The database can be populated by empirical data. In this aspect of populating the database, a bioagent is selected and a primer pair is used to generate an amplicon. Note that base composition entries in the database may be derived from sequencing data (i.e., known sequence information). In certain embodiments, an entry in the database is made to associate correlate the base composition with the bioagent and the primer pair used. The database may also be populated using other databases comprising bioagent information. For example, using the GenBank database it is possible to perform electronic PCR using an electronic representation of a primer pair. This in silico method may provide the base composition for any or all selected bioagent(s) stored in the GenBank database. The information may then be used to populate the base composition database as described above. A base composition database can be in silico, a written table, a reference book, a spreadsheet or any form generally amenable to databases. Preferably, it is in silico on computer readable media.

The term “detect”, “detecting” or “detection” refers to an act of determining the existence or presence of one or more targets (e.g., bioagent nucleic acids, amplicons, etc.) in a sample.

As used herein, the term “etiology” refers to the causes or origins, of diseases or abnormal physiological conditions.

As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, precursor, or RNA (e.g., rRNA, tRNA). The polypeptide can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g., enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, immunogenicity, etc.) of the full-length sequence or fragment thereof are retained.

As used herein, the term “heterologous gene” refers to a gene that is not in its natural environment. For example, a heterologous gene includes a gene from one species introduced into another species. A heterologous gene also includes a gene native to an organism that has been altered in some way (e.g., mutated, added in multiple copies, linked to non-native regulatory sequences, etc). Heterologous genes are distinguished from endogenous genes in that the heterologous gene sequences are typically joined to nucleic acid sequences that are not found naturally associated with the gene sequences in the chromosome or are associated with portions of the chromosome not found in nature (e.g., genes expressed in loci where the gene is not normally expressed).

The terms “homology,” “homologous” and “sequence identity” refer to a degree of identity. There may be partial homology or complete homology. A partially homologous sequence is one that is less than 100% identical to another sequence. Determination of sequence identity is described in the following example: a primer 20 nucleobases in length which is otherwise identical to another 20 nucleobase primer but having two non-identical residues has 18 of 20 identical residues ( 18/20=0.9 or 90% sequence identity). In another example, a primer 15 nucleobases in length having all residues identical to a 15 nucleobase segment of a primer 20 nucleobases in length would have 15/20=0.75 or 75% sequence identity with the 20 nucleobase primer. In context of the present invention, sequence identity is meant to be properly determined when the query sequence and the subject sequence are both described and aligned in the 5′ to 3′ direction. Sequence alignment algorithms such as BLAST, will return results in two different alignment orientations. In the Plus/Plus orientation, both the query sequence and the subject sequence are aligned in the 5′ to 3′ direction. On the other hand, in the Plus/Minus orientation, the query sequence is in the 5′ to 3′ direction while the subject sequence is in the 3′ to 5′ direction. It should be understood that with respect to the primers of the present invention, sequence identity is properly determined when the alignment is designated as Plus/Plus. Sequence identity may also encompass alternate or “modified” nucleobases that perform in a functionally similar manner to the regular nucleobases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine with respect to hybridization and primer extension in amplification reactions. In a non-limiting example, if the 5-propynyl pyrimidines propyne C and/or propyne T replace one or more C or T residues in one primer which is otherwise identical to another primer in sequence and length, the two primers will have 100% sequence identity with each other. In another non-limiting example, Inosine (I) may be used as a replacement for G or T and effectively hybridize to C, A or U (uracil). Thus, if inosine replaces one or more C, A or U residues in one primer which is otherwise identical to another primer in sequence and length, the two primers will have 100% sequence identity with each other. Other such modified or universal bases may exist which would perform in a functionally similar manner for hybridization and amplification reactions and will be understood to fall within this definition of sequence identity.

As used herein, “housekeeping gene” or “core viral gene” refers to a gene encoding a protein or RNA involved in basic functions required for survival and reproduction of a bioagent. Housekeeping genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding RNA or proteins involved in translation, replication, recombination and repair, transcription, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy generation, uptake, secretion and the like.

As used herein, the term “hybridization” or “hybridize” is used in reference to the pairing of complementary nucleic acids. Hybridization and the strength of hybridization (i.e., the strength of the association between the nucleic acids) is influenced by such factors as the degree of complementary between the nucleic acids, stringency of the conditions involved, the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the formed hybrid, and the G:C ratio within the nucleic acids. A single molecule that contains pairing of complementary nucleic acids within its structure is said to be “self-hybridized.” An extensive guide to nucleic hybridization may be found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, part I, chapter 2, “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays,” Elsevier (1993), which is incorporated by reference.

As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction digest or produced synthetically, that is capable of acting as a point of initiation of synthesis when placed under conditions in which synthesis of a primer extension product that is complementary to a nucleic acid strand is induced (e.g., in the presence of nucleotides and an inducing agent such as a biocatalyst (e.g., a DNA polymerase or the like) and at a suitable temperature and pH). The primer is typically single stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification, but may alternatively be double stranded. If double stranded, the primer is generally first treated to separate its strands before being used to prepare extension products. In some embodiments, the primer is an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The primer is sufficiently long to prime the synthesis of extension products in the presence of the inducing agent. The exact lengths of the primers will depend on many factors, including temperature, source of primer and the use of the method. In certain embodiments, the primer is a capture primer.

As used herein, “intelligent primers” or “primers” or “primer pairs,” in some embodiments, are oligonucleotides that are designed to bind to conserved sequence regions of one or more bioagent nucleic acids to generate bioagent identifying amplicons. In some embodiments, the bound primers flank an intervening variable region between the conserved binding sequences. Upon amplification, the primer pairs yield amplicons e.g., amplification products that provide base composition variability between the two or more bioagents. The variability of the base compositions allows for the identification of one or more individual bioagents from, e.g., two or more bioagents based on the base composition distinctions. In some embodiments, the primer pairs are also configured to generate amplicons amenable to sequence analysis (or molecular mass analysis). Further, the sequences of the primer members of the primer pairs are not necessarily fully complementary to the conserved region of the reference bioagent. For example, in some embodiments, the sequences are designed to be “best fit” amongst a plurality of bioagents at these conserved binding sequences. Therefore, the primer members of the primer pairs have substantial complementarity with the conserved regions of the bioagents, including the reference bioagent.

In some embodiments of the invention, the oligonucleotide primer pairs described herein can be purified. As used herein, “purified oligonucleotide primer pair,” “purified primer pair,” or “purified” means an oligonucleotide primer pair that is chemically-synthesized to have a specific sequence and a specific number of linked nucleosides. This term is meant to explicitly exclude nucleotides that are generated at random to yield a mixture of several compounds of the same length each with randomly generated sequence. As used herein, the term “purified” or “to purify” refers to the removal of one or more components (e.g., contaminants) from a sample.

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” refers to any nucleic acid containing molecule, including but not limited to, DNA or RNA. The term encompasses sequences that include any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA including, but not limited to, 4 acetylcytosine, 8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxyl-methyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethyl-aminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudo-uracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methyl-cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxy-amino-methyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, oxybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, and 2,6-diaminopurine.

As used herein, the term “nucleobase” is synonymous with other terms in use in the art including “nucleotide,” “deoxynucleotide,” “nucleotide residue,” “deoxynucleotide residue,” “nucleotide triphosphate (NTP),” or deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP). As is used herein, a nucleobase includes natural and modified residues, as described herein.

An “oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid that includes at least two nucleic acid monomer units (e.g., nucleotides), typically more than three monomer units, and more typically greater than ten monomer units. The exact size of an oligonucleotide generally depends on various factors, including the ultimate function or use of the oligonucleotide. To further illustrate, oligonucleotides are typically less than 200 residues long (e.g., between 15 and 100), however, as used herein, the term is also intended to encompass longer polynucleotide chains. Oligonucleotides are often referred to by their length. For example a 24 residue oligonucleotide is referred to as a “24-mer”. Typically, the nucleoside monomers are linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs thereof, including phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate, phosphoranilidate, phosphoramidate, and the like, including associated counterions, e.g., H⁺, NH₄ ⁻, Na⁺, and the like, if such counterions are present. Further, oligonucleotides are typically single-stranded. Oligonucleotides are optionally prepared by any suitable method, including, but not limited to, isolation of an existing or natural sequence, DNA replication or amplification, reverse transcription, cloning and restriction digestion of appropriate sequences, or direct chemical synthesis by a method such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al. (1979) Meth Enzymol. 68: 90-99; the phosphodiester method of Brown et al. (1979) Meth Enzymol. 68: 109-151; the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al. (1981) Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862; the triester method of Matteucci et al. (1981) J Am Chem Soc. 103:3185-3191; automated synthesis methods; or the solid support method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066, entitled “PROCESS FOR PREPARING POLYNUCLEOTIDES,” issued Jul. 3, 1984 to Caruthers et al., or other methods known to those skilled in the art. All of these references are incorporated by reference.

As used herein a “sample” refers to anything capable of being analyzed by the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the sample comprises or is suspected to comprise one or more nucleic acids capable of analysis by the methods. Preferably, the samples comprise nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, cDNAs, etc.) from one or more bioagents. Samples can include, for example, blood, saliva, urine, feces, anorectal swabs, vaginal swabs, cervical swabs, and the like. In some embodiments, the samples are “mixture” samples, which comprise nucleic acids from more than one subject or individual. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise purifying the sample or purifying the nucleic acid(s) from the sample. In some embodiments, the sample is purified nucleic acid.

A “sequence” of a biopolymer refers to the order and identity of monomer units (e.g., nucleotides, etc.) in the biopolymer. The sequence (e.g., base sequence) of a nucleic acid is typically read in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

As is used herein, the term “single primer pair identification” means that one or more bioagents can be identified using a single primer pair. A base composition signature for an amplicon may singly identify one or more bioagents.

As used herein, a “sub-species characteristic” is a genetic characteristic that provides the means to distinguish two members of the same bioagent species. For example, one viral strain may be distinguished from another viral strain of the same species by possessing a genetic change (e.g., for example, a nucleotide deletion, addition or substitution) in one of the viral genes, such as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

As used herein, in some embodiments the term “substantial complementarity” means that a primer member of a primer pair comprises between about 70%-100%, or between about 80-100%, or between about 90-100%, or between about 95-100%, or between about 99-100% complementarity with the conserved binding sequence of a nucleic acid from a given bioagent. These ranges of complementarity and identity are inclusive of all whole or partial numbers embraced within the recited range numbers. For example, and not limitation, 75.667%, 82%, 91.2435% and 97% complementarity or sequence identity are all numbers that fall within the above recited range of 70% to 100%, therefore forming a part of this description.

A “system” in the context of analytical instrumentation refers a group of objects and/or devices that form a network for performing a desired objective.

As used herein, “triangulation identification” means the use of more than one primer pair to generate a corresponding amplicon for identification of a bioagent. The more than one primer pair can be used in individual wells or vessels or in a multiplex PCR assay. Alternatively, PCR reactions may be carried out in single wells or vessels comprising a different primer pair in each well or vessel. Following amplification the amplicons are pooled into a single well or container which is then subjected to base composition analysis (e.g., which does not involve molecular mass analysis). The combination of pooled amplicons can be chosen such that the expected ranges of base compositions of individual amplicons are not overlapping and thus will not complicate identification of signals. Triangulation is a process of elimination, wherein a first primer pair identifies that an unknown bioagent may be one of a group of bioagents. Subsequent primer pairs are used in triangulation identification to further refine the identity of the bioagent amongst the subset of possibilities generated with the earlier primer pair. Triangulation identification is complete when the identity of the bioagent is determined. The triangulation identification process may also be used to reduce false negative and false positive signals, and enable reconstruction of the origin of hybrid or otherwise engineered bioagents. For example, identification of the three part toxin genes typical of B. anthracis (Bowen et al., J Appl Microbiol., 1999, 87, 270-278) in the absence of the expected compositions from the B. anthracis genome would suggest a genetic engineering event.

As used herein, the term “unknown bioagent” can mean, for example: (i) a bioagent whose existence is not known (for example, the SARS coronavirus was unknown prior to April 2003) and/or (ii) a bioagent whose existence is known (such as the well known bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus for example) but which is not known to be in a sample to be analyzed. For example, if the method for identification of coronaviruses disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/829,826 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) was to be employed prior to April 2003 to identify the SARS coronavirus in a clinical sample, both meanings of “unknown” bioagent are applicable since the SARS coronavirus was unknown to science prior to April, 2003 and since it was not known what bioagent (in this case a coronavirus) was present in the sample. On the other hand, if the method of U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/829,826 was to be employed subsequent to April 2003 to identify the SARS coronavirus in a clinical sample, the second meaning (ii) of “unknown” bioagent would apply because the SARS coronavirus became known to science subsequent to April 2003 because it was not known what bioagent was present in the sample.

As used herein, the term “variable region” is used to describe a region that falls between any one primer pair described herein. The region possesses distinct base compositions between at least two bioagents, such that at least one bioagent can be identified at, for example, the family, genus, species or sub-species level. The degree of variability between the at least two bioagents need only be sufficient to allow for identification using methods described herein.

As used herein, a “wobble base” is a variation in a codon found at the third nucleotide position of a DNA triplet. Variations in conserved regions of sequence are often found at the third nucleotide position due to redundancy in the amino acid code.

Provided herein are methods, compositions, kits, and related systems for the detection and identification of bioagents (e.g., species of HPV) using bioagent identifying amplicons. In some embodiments, primers are selected to hybridize to conserved sequence regions of nucleic acids derived from a bioagent and which flank variable sequence regions to yield a bioagent identifying amplicon which can be amplified and which is amenable to base composition analysis. In some embodiments, the corresponding base composition of one or more different amplicons is queried against a database of base compositions indexed to bioagents and to the primer pair used to generate the amplicon. A match of the measured base composition to a database entry base composition associates the sample bioagent to an indexed bioagent in the database. Thus, the identity of the unknown bioagent is determined. No prior knowledge of the unknown bioagent is necessary to make an identification. In some instances, the measured base composition associates with more than one database entry base composition. Thus, a second/subsequent primer pair is generally used to generate an amplicon, and its measured base composition is similarly compared to the database to determine its identity in triangulation identification. Furthermore, the methods and other aspects of the invention can be applied to rapid parallel multiplex analyses, the results of which can be employed in a triangulation identification strategy. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides rapid throughput and does not require nucleic acid sequencing or knowledge of the linear sequences of nucleobases of the amplified target sequence for bioagent detection and identification.

Methods of employing base compositions, databases containing base composition entries, and triangulation using primers, are described in the following patents, patent applications and scientific publications, all of which are herein incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein: U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,108,974; 7,217,510; 7,226,739; 7,255,992; 7,312,036; 7,339,051; US patent publication numbers 2003/0027135; 2003/0167133; 2003/0167134; 2003/0175695; 2003/0175696; 2003/0175697; 2003/0187588; 2003/0187593; 2003/0190605; 2003/0225529; 2003/0228571; 2004/0110169; 2004/0117129; 2004/0121309; 2004/0121310; 2004/0121311; 2004/0121312; 2004/0121313; 2004/0121314; 2004/0121315; 2004/0121329; 2004/0121335; 2004/0121340; 2004/0122598; 2004/0122857; 2004/0161770; 2004/0185438; 2004/0202997; 2004/0209260; 2004/0219517; 2004/0253583; 2004/0253619; 2005/0027459; 2005/0123952; 2005/0130196 2005/0142581; 2005/0164215; 2005/0266397; 2005/0270191; 2006/0014154; 2006/0121520; 2006/0205040; 2006/0240412; 2006/0259249; 2006/0275749; 2006/0275788; 2007/0087336; 2007/0087337; 2007/0087338 2007/0087339; 2007/0087340; 2007/0087341; 2007/0184434; 2007/0218467; 2007/0218467; 2007/0218489; 2007/0224614; 2007/0238116; 2007/0243544; 2007/0248969; WO2002/070664; WO2003/001976; WO2003/100035; WO2004/009849; WO2004/052175; WO2004/053076; WO2004/053141; WO2004/053164; WO2004/060278; WO2004/093644; WO 2004/101809; WO2004/111187; WO2005/023083; WO2005/023986; WO2005/024046; WO2005/033271; WO2005/036369; WO2005/086634; WO2005/089128; WO2005/091971; WO2005/092059; WO2005/094421; WO2005/098047; WO2005/116263; WO2005/117270; WO2006/019784; WO2006/034294; WO2006/071241; WO2006/094238; WO2006/116127; WO2006/135400; WO2007/014045; WO2007/047778; WO2007/086904; WO2007/100397; and WO2007/118222, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Exemplary base-count related methods and other aspects of use in the methods, systems, and other aspects of the invention are also described in, for example, Ecker et al., Ibis T5000: a universal biosensor approach for microbiology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Jun. 3.; Ecker et al., The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents.; Ecker et al., The Ibis T5000 Universal Biosensor: An Automated Platform for Pathogen Identification and Strain Typing.; Ecker et al., The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A common structure for microbial biosecurity threat agents.; Ecker et al., Identification of Acinetobacter species and genotyping of Acinetobacter baumannii by multilocus PCR and mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 August; 44(8):2921-32.; Ecker et al., Rapid identification and strain-typing of respiratory pathogens for epidemic surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005 May 31; 102(22):8012-7. Epub 2005 May 23; Wortmann et al., Genotypic evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains in an outbreak associated with war trauma, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 June; 29(6):553-555.; Hannis et al., High-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter species by use of PCR and high-throughput mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 April; 46(4): 1220-5.; Blyn et al., Rapid detection and molecular serotyping of adenovirus by use of PCR followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 February; 46(2):644-51.; Eshoo et al., Direct broad-range detection of alphaviruses in mosquito extracts, Virology. 2007 Nov. 25; 368(2):286-95.; Sampath et al., Global surveillance of emerging Influenza virus genotypes by mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE. 2007 May 30; 2(5):e489.; Sampath et al., Rapid identification of emerging infectious agents using PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 April; 1102: 109-20.; Hujer et al., Analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter sp. isolates from military and civilian patients treated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 December; 50(12):4114-23.; Hall et al., Base composition analysis of human mitochondrial DNA using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: a novel tool for the identification and differentiation of humans. Anal Biochem. 2005 Sep. 1; 344(1):53-69.; Sampath et al., Rapid identification of emerging pathogens: coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 March; 11(3):373-9.; Jiang Y, Hofstadler S A. A highly efficient and automated method of purifying and desalting PCR products for analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Jiang et al., Mitochondrial DNA mutation detection by electrospray mass spectrometry; Russell et al., Transmission dynamics and prospective environmental sampling of adenovirus in a military recruit setting; Hofstadler et al., Detection of microbial agents using broad-range PCR with detection by mass spectrometry: The TIGER concept. Chapter in; Hofstadler et al., Selective ion filtering by digital thresholding: A method to unwind complex ESI-mass spectra and eliminate signals from low molecular weight chemical noise.; Hofstadler et al., TIGER: The Universal Biosensor.; Van Ert et al., Mass spectrometry provides accurate characterization of two genetic marker types in Bacillus anthracis.; Sampath et al., Forum on Microbial Threats: Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak—Workshop Summary (ed. Knobler S E, Mahmoud A, Lemon S.) The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 2004. 181-185.

In some embodiments, amplicons corresponding to bioagent identifying amplicons are obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Other amplification methods may be used such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), low-stringency single primer PCR, and multiple strand displacement amplification (MDA). (Michael, S F., Biotechniques (1994), 16:411-412 and Dean et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002), 99, 5261-5266).

One embodiment of a process flow diagram used for primer selection and validation process is depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5. For each group of organisms, candidate target sequences are identified (200) from which nucleotide sequence alignments are created (210) and analyzed (220). Primers are then configured by selecting priming regions (230) to facilitate the selection of candidate primer pairs (240). The primer pair sequence is typically a “best fit” amongst the aligned sequences, such that the primer pair sequence may or may not be fully complementary to the hybridization region on any one of the bioagents in the alignment. Thus, best fit primer pair sequences are those with sufficient complementarity with two or more bioagents to hybridize with the two or more bioagents and generate an amplicon. The primer pairs are then subjected to in silico analysis by electronic PCR (ePCR) (300) wherein bioagent identifying amplicons are obtained from sequence databases such as GenBank or other sequence collections (310) and tested for specificity in silico (320). Bioagent identifying amplicons obtained from ePCR of GenBank sequences (310) may also be analyzed by a probability model which predicts the capability of a given amplicon to identify unknown bioagents. Preferably, the base compositions of amplicons with favorable probability scores are then stored in a base composition database (325). Alternatively, base compositions of the bioagent identifying amplicons obtained from the primers and GenBank sequences are directly entered into the base composition database (330). Candidate primer pairs (240) are validated by in vitro amplification by a method such as PCR analysis (400) of nucleic acid from a collection of organisms (410). Amplicons thus obtained are analyzed to confirm the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the primers used to obtain the amplicons (420).

Synthesis of primers is well known and routine in the art. The primers may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed.

The primers, in some embodiments, are employed as compositions for use in methods for identification of bioagents as follows: a primer pair composition is contacted with nucleic acid of an unknown isolate suspected of comprising a target bioagent. The nucleic acid is then amplified by a nucleic acid amplification technique, such as PCR for example, using a capture primer and reverse primer to obtain an amplicon that represents a bioagent identifying amplicon.

In certain embodiments, the bioagent is detected with the systems and methods of the present invention in combination with other bioagents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, or other bioagents. In particular embodiments, a panel is employed that includes a first bioagent and other related or un-related bioagents. Such panels may be specific for a particular type of bioagent, or specific for a specific type of test (e.g., for testing the safety of blood, one may include commonly present viral pathogens such as HCV, HIV, and bacteria that can be contracted via a blood transfusion).

In some embodiments, the capture primers, are corresponding reverse primers, are broad range survey primers which hybridize to conserved regions of nucleic acid. The broad range primer may identify the unknown bioagent depending on which bioagent is in the sample. In other cases, the base composition of an amplicon does not provide sufficient resolution to identify the unknown bioagent as any one bioagent at or below the species level. These cases generally benefit from further analysis of one or more amplicons generated from at least one additional broad range survey primer pair, or from at least one additional division-wide primer pair, or from at least one additional drill-down primer pair. Identification of sub-species characteristics may be required, for example, to determine a clinical treatment of patient, or in rapidly responding to an outbreak of a new species, sub-type, etc. of pathogen to prevent an epidemic or pandemic.

One with ordinary skill in the art of design of amplification primers will recognize that a given primer need not hybridize with 100% complementarity in order to effectively prime the synthesis of a complementary nucleic acid strand in an amplification reaction. Primer pair sequences may be a “best fit” amongst the aligned bioagent sequences, thus they need not be fully complementary to the hybridization region of any one of the bioagents in the alignment. Moreover, a primer may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., for example, a loop structure or a hairpin structure). Thus, in some embodiments, an extent of variation of 70% to 100%, or any range falling within, of the sequence identity is possible relative to the specific primer sequences disclosed herein. To illustrate, determination of sequence identity is described in the following example: a capture primer that has a 3′ region that is 20 nucleobases in length which is identical to another 20 nucleobase primer having two non-identical residues has 18 of 20 identical residues ( 18/20=0.9 or 90% sequence identity). In another example, a capture primer with a 3′ region 15 nucleobases in length having all residues identical to a 15 nucleobase segment of primer 20 nucleobases in length would have 15/20=0.75 or 75% sequence identity with the 20 nucleobase primer. Percent identity need not be a whole number, for example when a 28 consecutive nucleobase primer is completely identical to a 31 consecutive nucleobase primer ( 28/31=0.9032 or 90.3% identical).

Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., 1981, 2, 482-489). In some embodiments, complementarity of primers with respect to the conserved priming regions of viral nucleic acid, is between about 70% and about 80%. In other embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is between about 80% and about 90%. In yet other embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or is 100%.

In some embodiments, the primers described herein comprise at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 98%, or at least 99%, or 100% (or any range falling within) sequence identity with the primer sequences specifically disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide primers are 13 to 35 nucleobases in length (13 to 35 linked nucleotide residues). These embodiments comprise oligonucleotide primers 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 or 35 nucleobases in length, or any range therewithin.

In some embodiments, any given primer comprises a modification comprising the addition of a non-templated T residue to the 5′ end of the primer (i.e., the added T residue does not necessarily hybridize to the nucleic acid being amplified). The addition of a non-templated T residue has an effect of minimizing the addition of non-templated A residues as a result of the non-specific enzyme activity of, e.g., Taq DNA polymerase (Magnuson et al., Biotechniques, 1996, 21, 700-709), an occurrence which may lead to ambiguous results arising from molecular mass analysis.

Primers may contain one or more universal bases. Because any variation (due to codon wobble in the third position) in the conserved regions among species is likely to occur in the third position of a DNA (or RNA) triplet, oligonucleotide primers can be designed such that the nucleotide corresponding to this position is a base which can bind to more than one nucleotide, referred to herein as a “universal nucleobase.” For example, under this “wobble” base pairing, inosine (I) binds to U, C or A; guanine (G) binds to U or C, and uridine (U) binds to U or C. Other examples of universal nucleobases include nitroindoles such as 5-nitroindole or 3-nitropyrrole (Loakes et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 1001-1003), the degenerate nucleotides dP or dK, an acyclic nucleoside analog containing 5-nitroindazole (Van Aerschot et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides., 1995, 14, 1053-1056) or the purine analog 1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (Sala et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1996, 24, 3302-3306).

In some embodiments, to compensate for weaker binding by the wobble base, oligonucleotide primers are configured such that the first and second positions of each triplet are occupied by nucleotide analogs which bind with greater affinity than the unmodified nucleotide. Examples of these analogs include, but are not limited to, 2,6-diaminopurine which binds to thymine, 5-propynyluracil which binds to adenine and 5-propynylcytosine and phenoxazines, including G-clamp, which binds to G. Propynylated pyrimidines are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,985, 5,830,653 and 5,484,908, each of which is commonly owned and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Propynylated primers are described in U.S. Pre-Grant Publication No. 2003-0170682; also commonly owned and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Phenoxazines are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,502,177, 5,763,588, and 6,005,096, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. G-clamps are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,007,992 and 6,028,183, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, non-template primer tags are used to increase the melting temperature (T_(m)) of a primer-template duplex in order to improve amplification efficiency. A non-template tag is at least three consecutive A or T nucleotide residues on a primer which are not complementary to the template. In any given non-template tag, A can be replaced by C or G and T can also be replaced by C or G. Although Watson-Crick hybridization is not expected to occur for a non-template tag relative to the template, the extra hydrogen bond in a G-C pair relative to an A-T pair confers increased stability of the primer-template duplex and improves amplification efficiency for subsequent cycles of amplification when the primers hybridize to strands synthesized in previous cycles.

In other embodiments, propynylated tags may be used in a manner similar to that of the non-template tag, wherein two or more 5-propynylcytidine or 5-propynyluridine residues replace template matching residues on a primer. In other embodiments, a primer contains a modified internucleoside linkage such as a phosphorothioate linkage, for example.

In some embodiments, assignment of previously unobserved base compositions (also known as “true unknown base compositions”) to a given phylogeny can be accomplished via the use of pattern classifier model algorithms. Base compositions, like sequences, may vary slightly from strain to strain within species, for example. In some embodiments, the pattern classifier model is the mutational probability model. In other embodiments, the pattern classifier is the polytope model. A polytope model is the mutational probability model that incorporates both the restrictions among strains and position dependence of a given nucleobase within a triplet. In certain embodiments, a polytope pattern classifier is used to classify a test or unknown organism according to its amplicon base composition.

In some embodiments, it is possible to manage this diversity by building “base composition probability clouds” around the composition constraints for each species. A “pseudo four-dimensional plot” may be used to visualize the concept of base composition probability clouds. Optimal primer design typically involves an optimal choice of bioagent identifying amplicons and maximizes the separation between the base composition signatures of individual bioagents. Areas where clouds overlap generally indicate regions that may result in a misclassification, a problem which is overcome by a triangulation identification process using bioagent identifying amplicons not affected by overlap of base composition probability clouds.

In some embodiments, base composition probability clouds provide the means for screening potential primer pairs in order to avoid potential misclassifications of base compositions. In other embodiments, base composition probability clouds provide the means for predicting the identity of an unknown bioagent whose assigned base composition has not been previously observed and/or indexed in a bioagent identifying amplicon base composition database due to evolutionary transitions in its nucleic acid sequence.

Provided herein is bioagent classifying information at a level sufficient to identify a given bioagent. Furthermore, the process of determining a previously unknown base composition for a given bioagent (for example, in a case where sequence information is unavailable) has utility by providing additional bioagent indexing information with which to populate base composition databases. The process of future bioagent identification is thus improved as additional base composition signature indexes become available in base composition databases.

In certain embodiments, a sample comprising an unknown bioagent is contacted with a primer pair (e.g., capture primer and reverse) which amplifies the nucleic acid from the bioagent, and a known quantity of a polynucleotide that comprises a calibration sequence. The amplification reaction then produces two amplicons: a bioagent identifying amplicon and a calibration amplicon. The bioagent identifying amplicon and the calibration amplicon are distinguishable by sequence or base composition while being amplified at essentially the same rate. Effecting differential base compositions can be accomplished by choosing as a calibration sequence, a representative bioagent identifying amplicon (from a specific species of bioagent) and performing, for example, a 2-8 nucleobase deletion or insertion within the variable region between the two priming sites, a calibration sequence with a different base composition due to base substitutions. The amplified sample containing the bioagent identifying amplicon and the calibration amplicon is then subjected to analysis as described herein.

In some embodiments, construction of a standard curve in which the amount of calibration or calibrant polynucleotide spiked into the sample is varied provides additional resolution and improved confidence for the determination of the quantity of bioagent in the sample. Alternatively, the calibration polynucleotide can be amplified in its own reaction vessel or vessels under the same conditions as the bioagent. A standard curve may be prepared there from, and the relative abundance of the bioagent determined by methods such as linear regression. In some embodiments, multiplex amplification is performed where multiple bioagent identifying amplicons are amplified with multiple primer pairs which also amplify the corresponding standard calibration sequences. In this or other embodiments, the standard calibration sequences are optionally included within a single construct (preferably a vector) which functions as the calibration polynucleotide.

In some embodiments, the calibrant polynucleotide is used as an internal positive control to confirm that amplification conditions and subsequent analysis steps are successful in producing a measurable amplicon. Even in the absence of copies of the genome of a bioagent, the calibration polynucleotide gives rise to a calibration amplicon. Failure to produce a measurable calibration amplicon indicates a failure of amplification or subsequent analysis step such as amplicon purification or base composition determination. Reaching a conclusion that such failures have occurred is, in itself, a useful event. In some embodiments, the calibration sequence is comprised of DNA. In some embodiments, the calibration sequence is comprised of RNA.

In some embodiments, a calibration sequence is inserted into a vector which then functions as the calibration polynucleotide. In some embodiments, more than one calibration sequence is inserted into the vector that functions as the calibration polynucleotide. Such a calibration polynucleotide is herein termed a “combination calibration polynucleotide.” It should be recognized that the calibration method should not be limited to the embodiments described herein. The calibration method can be applied for determination of the quantity of any bioagent identifying amplicon when an appropriate standard calibrant polynucleotide sequence is designed and used.

In certain embodiments, primer pairs are configured to produce bioagent identifying amplicons within more conserved regions of a bioagent, while others produce bioagent identifying amplicons within regions that are may evolve more quickly. Primer pairs that characterize amplicons in a conserved region with low probability that the region will evolve past the point of primer recognition are useful, e.g., as a broad range survey-type primer. Primer pairs that characterize an amplicon corresponding to an evolving genomic region are useful, e.g., for distinguishing emerging bioagent strain variants.

The primer pairs described herein provide reagents, e.g., for identifying diseases caused by emerging types of biagents. Base composition analysis eliminates the need for prior knowledge of bioagent sequence to generate hybridization probes. Thus, in another embodiment, there is provided a method for determining the etiology of a particular stain when the process of identification of is carried out in a clinical setting, and even when a new strain is involved. This is possible because the methods may not be confounded by naturally occurring evolutionary variations.

Another embodiment provides a means of tracking the spread of any species or strain of particular bioagents when a plurality of samples obtained from different geographical locations are analyzed by methods described above in an epidemiological setting. For example, a plurality of samples from a plurality of different locations may be analyzed with primers which produce bioagent identifying amplicons, a subset of which identifies a specific strain. The corresponding locations of the members of the strain-containing subset indicate the spread of the specific strain to the corresponding locations.

Also provided are kits for carrying out the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the kit may comprise a sufficient quantity of one or more primer pairs to perform an amplification reaction on a target polynucleotide from a bioagent to form a bioagent identifying amplicon. In some embodiments, the kit may comprise from one to twenty primer pairs, from one to ten primer pairs, from one to eight pairs, from one to five primer pairs, from one to three primer pairs, or from one to two primer pairs.

In some embodiments, the kit may also comprise a sufficient quantity of reverse transcriptase, a DNA polymerase, suitable nucleoside triphosphates (including any of those described above), a DNA ligase, and/or reaction buffer, or any combination thereof, for the amplification processes described above. The kit may also comprise reagents necessary for performing sequencing methods, or HPLC or paper chromatography (see, e.g., Voelkerding et al., Clinical Chem., “Next-generation sequencing: from basic research to diagnostics,” 55: 641-658, 2009; MacLean et al., Nature Rev. Microbiol., 7: 287-296, and Manderville and Kropinski, “Approaches to the Compositional Analysis of DNA,” Methods Mol Biol. 2009; 502:11-7, all of which are herein incorporated by reference).

A kit may further include instructions pertinent for the particular embodiment of the kit, such instructions describing the primer pairs and amplification conditions for operation of the method. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises instructions for analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data acquired by the kit. In other embodiments, instructions for the operation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of the data of the kit are provided on computer readable media. A kit may also comprise amplification reaction containers such as microcentrifuge tubes, microtiter plates, and the like. A kit may also comprise reagents or other materials for isolating bioagent nucleic acid or bioagent identifying amplicons from amplification reactions, including, for example, detergents, solvents, or ion exchange resins which may be linked to magnetic beads. A kit may also comprise a table of measured or calculated base compositions of bioagents using the primer pairs of the kit.

The invention also provides systems that can be used to perform various assays relating to bioagent detection or identification. In certain embodiments, systems include sequencing devices (or HPLC equipment or paper chromatography equipment) configured to detect base compositions of amplicons produced using purified oligonucleotide primer pairs described herein. Other devices/equipment that are optionally adapted for use in the systems of the invention are described further below. In some embodiments, systems also include controllers operably connected to sequencing devices and/or other system components. In some of these embodiments, controllers are configured to correlate the sequence and/or base compositions of the amplicons with bioagents to effect detection or identification. As described herein, the base compositions generally correspond to the bioagent species identities. In certain embodiments, controllers include, or are operably connected to, databases of known base compositions of amplicons of known species of bioagents produced with the primer pairs described herein. Controllers are described further below.

Detectors are typically structured to detect detectable signals produced, e.g., in or proximal to another component of the given assay system (e.g., in a container and/or on a solid support). Suitable signal detectors that are optionally utilized, or adapted for use, herein detect, e.g., fluorescence, phosphorescence, radioactivity, absorbance, refractive index, luminescence, or mass. Detectors optionally monitor one or a plurality of signals from upstream and/or downstream of the performance of, e.g., a given assay step. For example, detectors optionally monitor a plurality of optical signals, which correspond in position to “real-time” results. Example detectors or sensors include photomultiplier tubes, CCD arrays, optical sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, pH sensors, conductivity sensors, or scanning detectors. Detectors are also described in, e.g., Skoog et al., Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5^(th) Ed., Harcourt Brace College Publishers (1998), Currell, Analytical Instrumentation: Performance Characteristics and Quality, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2000), Sharma et al., Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1999), Valeur, Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2002), and Gore, Spectrophotometry and Spectrofluorimetry: A Practical Approach, 2.sup.nd Ed., Oxford University Press (2000), which are each incorporated by reference.

As mentioned above, the systems of the invention also typically include controllers that are operably connected to one or more components (e.g., detectors, databases, thermal modulators, fluid transfer components, robotic material handling devices, and the like) of the given system to control operation of the components. More specifically, controllers are generally included either as separate or integral system components that are utilized, e.g., to receive data from detectors to effect and/or regulate temperature in the containers, or to effect and/or regulate fluid flow to or from selected containers. Controllers and/or other system components are optionally coupled to an appropriately programmed processor, computer, digital device, information appliance, or other logic device (e.g., including an analog to digital or digital to analog converter as needed), which functions to instruct the operation of these instruments in accordance with preprogrammed or user input instructions, receive data and information from these instruments, and interpret, manipulate and report this information to the user. Suitable controllers are generally known in the art and are available from various commercial sources.

Any controller or computer optionally includes a monitor, which is often a cathode ray tube (“CRT”) display, a flat panel display (e.g., active matrix liquid crystal display or liquid crystal display), or others. Computer circuitry is often placed in a box, which includes numerous integrated circuit chips, such as a microprocessor, memory, interface circuits, and others. The box also optionally includes a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a high capacity removable drive such as a writeable CD-ROM, and other common peripheral elements. Inputting devices such as a keyboard or mouse optionally provide for input from a user. These components are illustrated further below.

The computer typically includes appropriate software for receiving user instructions, either in the form of user input into a set of parameter fields, e.g., in a graphic user interface (GUI), or in the form of preprogrammed instructions, e.g., preprogrammed for a variety of different specific operations. The software then converts these instructions to appropriate language for instructing the operation of one or more controllers to carry out the desired operation. The computer then receives the data from, e.g., sensors/detectors included within the system, and interprets the data, either provides it in a user understood format, or uses that data to initiate further controller instructions, in accordance with the programming.

FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a representative system that includes a logic device in which various aspects of the present invention may be embodied. As will be understood by practitioners in the art from the teachings provided herein, aspects of the invention are optionally implemented in hardware and/or software. In some embodiments, different aspects of the invention are implemented in either client-side logic or server-side logic. As will be understood in the art, the invention or components thereof may be embodied in a media program component (e.g., a fixed media component) containing logic instructions and/or data that, when loaded into an appropriately configured computing device, cause that device to perform as desired. As will also be understood in the art, a fixed media containing logic instructions may be delivered to a viewer on a fixed media for physically loading into a viewer's computer or a fixed media containing logic instructions may reside on a remote server that a viewer accesses through a communication medium in order to download a program component.

More specifically, FIG. 6 schematically illustrates computer 1000 to which sequencing device or system 1002 (e.g., SMRT detection array from Pacific Biosciences), fluid transfer component 1004 (e.g., a sample injection needle or the like), and database 1008 are operably connected. Optionally, one or more of these components are operably connected to computer 1000 via a server (not shown in FIG. 6). During operation, fluid transfer component 1004 typically transfers reaction mixtures or components thereof (e.g., aliquots comprising amplicons) from multi-well container 1006 to sequencing device. Sequencing device 1002 then detects the nucleic acid sequence of the amplicons. Computer 1000 then typically receives this sequence data (and may calculate base compositions from this data), and compares it with entries in database 1008 to identify species or strains of bioagents in a given sample. It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that one or more components of the system schematically depicted in FIG. 6 are optionally fabricated integral with one another (e.g., in the same housing).

Solid Supports

The present invention is not limited to any one solid support. In some embodiments, polystyrene plates containing either containing 96 or 384 wells are employed. In some embodiments, streptavidin (SA) coated 96-well or 384-well microtiter plates (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.) are used as solid supports. In some embodiments, particles or beads are employed. The particles can be made of any suitable material, including, but not limited to, latex. In some embodiments, columns containing a particle matrix suitable for attachment of oligonucleotides is used. In some embodiments, minicolumns (e.g. DARAS, Tepnel, Cheshire, England) are employed. The columns contain microbeads to which capture sequences are covalently bound. In some embodiments, HydroGel (Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, Conn.) supports are employed. HydroGel is porous 3D hydrophilic polymer matrix. The matrix consists of a film of polyacrylamide polymerized onto a microscope slide. A coupling moiety is co-polymerized into the matrix that permits the immobilization of aminated oligonucleotide molecules by reductive amination. Covalent attachment by amine groups permits the immobilization of nucleic acid probes at specific attachment points (usually their ends), and the hydrogel provides a 3D matrix approximating a bulk solution phase, avoiding a solid/solution phase interface. In other embodiments, a BEADARRAY (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) is employed. The technology combines fiber optic bundles and beads that self-assemble into an array. Each fiber optic bundle contains thousands to millions of individual fibers depending on the diameter of the bundle. Sensors are affixed to each bead in a given batch. The particular molecules on a bead define that bead's function as a sensor. To form an array, fiber optic bundles are dipped into pools of coated beads. The coated beads are drawn into the wells, one bead per well, on the end of each fiber in the bundle. The present invention is not limited to the solid supports described above. Indeed, a variety of other solid supports are contemplated including, but not limited to, glass microscope slides, glass wafers, gold, silicon, microchips, and other plastic, metal, ceramic, or biological surfaces.

Surface Coating and Attachment Chemistries

In some embodiments of the present invention, solid supports are coated with a material to aid in the attachment of capture sequences. The present invention is not limited to any one surface coating. Indeed, a variety of coatings are contemplated including, but not limited to, those described below.

In some embodiments, the solid supports are coated with gold. The gold can be attached to any suitable solid support including, but not limited to, microparticles, microbeads, microscope slides, and microtiter plates. In some embodiments, the gold is functionalized with thiol-reactive maleimide moieties that can be reacted with thiol modified DNA (See e.g., Frutos et al., Nuc. Acid. Res., 25:4748 [1997]; Frey and Corn, Analytical Chem, 68:3187 [1996]; Jordan et al., Analytical Chem, 694939 [1997]; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,881; herein incorporated by reference).

In other embodiments, the solid supports are coated with silicon. The silicon can be attached to any suitable support, including, but not limited to, those described above and in the illustrative examples provided below. Additionally, in some embodiments, solid supports are coated with a molecule (e.g., a protein) to aid in the attachment of nucleic acids. The present invention is not limited to any particular surface coating. Any suitable material may be utilized including, but not limited to, proteins such as streptavidin. Thus, in some embodiments, capture sequences are attached to solid supports via terminal biotin or NH₂-mediated linkages included during oligonucleotide synthesis. In some embodiment, oligonucleotides are attached via a linker proximal to the attachment point. In other embodiments, oligonucleotides are attached to solid support via antigen:antibody interaction. For example, in some embodiments, an antigen (e.g., protein A or Protein G) is attached to a solid support and IgG is attached to oligonucleotides. In other embodiments, IgG is attached to a solid support and an antigen (e.g., Protein A or Protein G) is attached to oligonucleotides.

Addressing of Capture Sequences

In some embodiments, capture sequence oligonucleotides are targeted to specific sites on the solid support. As noted above, when multiple oligonucleotides are bound to the solid support, the oligonucleotides may be synthesized directly on the surface using any number of methods known in the art (e.g., including but not limited to methods described in PCT publications WO 95/11995, WO 99/42813 and WO 02/04597, and U.S Pat. Nos. 5,424,186; 5,744,305; and 6,375,903, each incorporated by reference herein).

Any number of techniques for the addressing of oligonucleotides may be utilized. For example, in some embodiments, solid support surfaces are electrically polarized at one given site in order to attract a particular DNA molecule (e.g, Nanogen, Calif.). In other embodiments, a pin tool may be used to load the array mechanically (Shalon, Genome Methods, 6:639 [1996]. In other embodiments, ink jet technology is used to print oligonucleotides onto an active surface (e.g., O'Donnelly-Maloney et al., Genetic Analysis:Biomolecular Engineering, 13:151 [1996]).

In some preferred embodiments utilizing gold surfaces, the gold surfaces are further modified to create addressable DNA arrays by photopatterning self-assembled monolayers to form hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Alkanethiol chemistry is utilized to create self-assembled monolayers (Nuzzo et al., JACS, 105:4481 [1983]). DNA is placed on the hydrophilic regions by using an automated robotic device (e.g., a pin-loading tool).

Example 1 Use of Capture Primers and Capture Sequence Linked Solid Supports

This example describes the use of capture primers and reverse methods, as well as solid supports linked to capture sequences, to identify the sequence of a target nucleic acid using PCR methods and sequencing methods. The following method may be run using, for example, any of the available next-gen sequencing chemistry/platforms. “Next next-gen” technologies, such as nanopore or zero mode waveguide, may also be employed with such methods. Capture primers that may be used are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. These capture primers are designed with a 3′ tail section complementary to the target nucleic acid and a 5′ portion containing a capture sequence. Multiple patient samples can be sequenced simultaneously by using primers containing a “bar code” sequence (shown in FIG. 1B) located between the target and capture sequence or at the extreme 5′ end. FIG. 1B shows the bar code sequence in the middle of the primer.

Samples suspected of containing a target nucleic acid are amplified using sequence-specific primers designed to amplify conserved chromosomal regions (for broad species amplification) or non-conserved regions (for strain genotyping). Typical PCR conditions using a hot start polymerase that could be employed with the capture and reverse primers are as follows:

95° C. 10 minutes  1 cycle 94° C. 10 seconds 40 cycles 55-60° C. 20 seconds 72° C. 20 second 4° C. hold  1 cycle First and second amplification products are generated using such capture and reverse primers as shown in FIG. 2. If the original target nucleic acid is RNA, a reverse transcription step could be included for RNA targets.

Second amplification products from the PCR step (e.g., which may be multiplex) are captured on a bead or surface via a capture sequence that is complementary the 3′ end of the second amplification product (see FIG. 2). The mixture undergoes emulsion PCR (emPCR) (see, e.g., Margulies et al., Nature. 2005 Sep. 15; 437(7057):376-80, herein incorporated by reference) or bridge PCR (see, e.g., Braslaysky et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 Apr. 1; 100(7):3960-4, herein incorporated by reference) for clonal amplification (FIG. 1C, right side, shows the results of clonal amplification). After removal of unbound primers and amplicon, clonal beads can be enriched, if necessary, away from empty beads using enrichment strategies typically used in next-gen sequencing protocols. Beads containing target sequences or surface-bound targets are deposited in picoliter well plates or to a flat surface in preparation for fluorescence-based sequencing chemistry.

In certain embodiments, single molecule sequencing is performed (i.e., no clonal amplification is undertaken of the second amplification product hybridized to a capture sequence on the solid support). The amplicon products from the multiplex PCR reaction step can be directly bound to a surface, without clonal amplification, in preparation for single-molecule next-gen sequencing. In this case, the amplicon can be covalently bound to the surface or hybridized to capture probes on the surface.

Prepared DNA templates can be subjected to a number of different next-gen sequencing chemistries available such as, for example, Pyrosequencing (Roche 454), Sequencing-By-Synthesis (Illumina), Sequencing-By-Ligation (ABI SOLiD), single-molecule SBS (Helicos), and real-time sequencing (Pacific Biosciences, Visigen). The sequencing reactions are carried out and the raw data is compiled.

Sequence alignment software is available for final sequence assemble from the raw data. In addition, algorithms exist to selectively identify real mutations from polymerase-induced PCR errors. Final sequence alignment data can be compared to a database containing multiple bacterial/fungal genomic sequences for final identification of the original target nucleic acid in the sample.

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference (including, but not limited to, journal articles, U.S. and non-U.S. patents, patent application publications, international patent application publications, gene bank accession numbers, internet web sites, and the like) cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

1. A method comprising; a) contacting a sample suspected of containing a target nucleic acid with a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein said capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to said target nucleic acid such that it can be extended by a polymerase, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence; and wherein said contacting is under conditions such that: i) said 3′ region of said capture primer hybridizes to said target nucleic acid and is extended to generate a first amplification product, and ii) said reverse primer hybridizes to said first amplification product and is extended to generate a second amplification product, wherein said second amplification product comprises a 3′ capture sequence complement capable of hybridizing to said capture sequence; and b) treating said sample under conditions such that said second amplification product is separated from said first amplification product; c) contacting said second amplification product with a solid support comprising a plurality of bound capture sequences under conditions such that said 3′ capture sequence complement of said second amplification product hybridizes to one of said bound capture sequences to generate a hybridized solid support; and d) treating said hybridized solid support under conditions such that one of said bound capture sequences is extended along said second amplification product to generate a target sequence that is linked to said solid support.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising e) contacting said solid support with a plurality of free capture sequences and a plurality of said reverse primers under conditions such that said plurality of bound capture sequences are extended to generate a clonally amplified solid support comprising a plurality of said target sequences.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said conditions comprise emulsion PCR conditions or bridge PCR conditions.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to said target nucleic when said 3′ region of said capture primer is hybridized to said target nucleic acid
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising e) treating said target sequence linked to said solid support under conditions such that at least part of the nucleic acid sequence of said target sequence is determined.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said nucleic acid sequence of said target sequence is determined by a method selected from: pyrosequencing, sequencing-by-synthesis, sequencing-by-ligation, nanopore sequencing, single molecule SBS, and real-time sequencing.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said nucleic acid sequence of said target sequence is determined by a method employing at least one zero-mode waveguide.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein said nucleic acid sequence of said target sequence is determined by a method comprising: contacting said target sequence with at least one nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst, labeled nucleotides, and at least one primer nucleic acid that is at least partially complementary to at least a subsequence of said target sequence, under conditions whereby said nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst extends said primer nucleic acid to produce an extended primer nucleic acid by incorporating said labeled nucleotides at a terminal end of said extended primer nucleic acid, wherein nucleotides that comprise different nucleobases comprise different labels, wherein the different labels produce detectable signals as or after the labeled nucleotides are incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid, which detectable signals identify the labeled nucleotides incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid and/or complementary nucleotides in the template nucleic acid, and wherein the detectable signals are detected as or after the labeled nucleotides are incorporated at the terminal end of the extended primer nucleic acid to thereby determine the nucleic acid sequence of at least a subsequence of the target sequence.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said labels comprise different fluorescent labels and wherein said detectable signals are detected using a fluorescence microscope.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said at least one primer nucleic acid is a primer primer pair, wherein said primer pair is configured to hybridize with conserved regions of said two or more different bioagents and flank variable regions of said two or more different bioagents.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the terminal end of said extended primer nucleic acid is the 3′ terminal end.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein said nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises an enzyme selected from the group consisting of: a polymerase, a terminal transferase, a reverse transcriptase, a polynucleotide phosphorylase, and a telomerase.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein said nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises one or more modifications.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein said nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst is an enzyme derived from an organism that is selected from the group consisting of: Thermus antranikianii, Thermus aquaticus, Thermus caldophilus, Thermus chliarophilus, Thermus filiformis, Thermus flavus, Thermus igniterrae, Thermus lacteus, Thermus oshimai, Thermus ruber, Thermus rubens, Thermus scotoductus, Thermus silvanus, Thermus species Z05, Thermus species sps 17, Thermus thermophilus, Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermosipho africanus, Anaerocellum thermophilum, Bacillus caldotenax, Pfu, KOD1, and Bacillus stearothermophilus.
 15. The method of claim 8, wherein said nucleotide incorporating biocatalyst comprises a Φ29 DNA polymerase.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein a label is attached to one of a heterocyclic base of a labeled nucleotide, a sugar moiety of a labeled nucleotide, and a phosphate group of a labeled nucleotide.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein a linker attaches a label to a labeled nucleotide.
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein said extended primer nucleic acid is complementary to a subsequence of said target sequence.
 19. The method of claim 8, wherein said extended primer nucleic acid is complementary to a full-length sequence of said target sequence.
 20. The method of claim 8, wherein said primer nucleic acid comprises an intelligent primer.
 21. The method of claim 8, wherein said label comprises a fluorescent dye, a non-fluorescent label, a colorimetric label, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label, a radioisotope, an antibody, an antigen, biotin, a hapten, or an enzyme.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said label is a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of: a rhodamine dye, a fluorescein dye, a halofluorescein dye, a dichlororhodamine dye, an energy transfer dye, a Lucifer dye, Oregon Green, and a cyanine dye.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein said label is a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of: JOE, VIC, TET, HEX, PAM, R6G, R110, TAMRA, and ROX.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said label is a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of: ³H, ¹⁴C, ²²Na, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, ⁴²K, ⁴⁵Ca, ¹²⁵I, and ²⁰³Hg.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said capture primer and said reverse primer are configured to hybridize with conserved regions of two or more different bioagents and flank variable regions of said two or more different bioagents.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the target nucleic acid comprises a mammalian nucleic acid, a bacterial nucleic acid, a viral nucleic acid, a fungal nucleic acid, or a protozoal nucleic acid.
 27. The method of claim 1, comprising obtaining said target nucleic acid from one or more sample sources selected from the group consisting of: an environmental sample and a sample derived from a subject.
 28. The method of claim 5, wherein said nucleic acid sequence of said target sequence is compared to a database in order to determine the organismal source of said target nucleic acid.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the organismal source is identified at one or more taxonomic rank levels selected from the group consisting of: a Domain, a Superphylum, a Superdivision, a Superclass, a Superorder, a Superfamily, a Superspecies, a Kingdom, a Phylum, a Division, a Class, a Legion, an Order, a Family, a Tribe, a Genus, a Species, a Subkingdom, a Subphylum, a Subclass, a Cohort, a Suborder, a Subfamily, a Subtribe, a Subgenus, a Subspecies, an Infrakingdom, a Branch, an Infraphylum, an Infraclass, an Infraorder, an Alliance, an Infraspecies, a Microphylum, a Pan/class, and a Parvorder.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein said capture primer comprises a bar-code sequence between said 3′ region and said 5′ region.
 31. A system comprising: a) at least one sequencing device; and b) a primer pair comprising a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein said capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid such that it can be extended by a polymerase to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence, wherein said 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to said target nucleic when said 3′ region of said capture primer is hybridized to said target nucleic acid, and wherein said reverse primer is configured to hybridize to said first extension product and be extended to form a second extension product.
 32. A system, comprising: a) a primer pair comprising a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein said capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid such that it can be extended by a polymerase to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence, wherein said 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to said target nucleic when said 3′ region of said capture primer is hybridized to said target nucleic acid, and wherein said reverse primer is configured to hybridize to said first extension product and be extended to form a second extension product; b) a reaction vessel or substrate; and c) a detector configured to detect detectable signals produced in or on the reaction vessel or substrate, which detectable signals correspond to at least some nucleobases incorporated into a nucleic acid to generate nucleobase incorporation data.
 33. The system of claim 32, wherein the reaction vessel or substrate comprises at least one zero-mode waveguide.
 34. The system of claim 32, wherein the detector comprises a fluorescence microscope.
 35. A system, comprising: (a) a sequencing device configured to generate nucleic acid sequence data corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence of one or more amplicons produced using at least one purified oligonucleotide primer pair that comprises a capture primer and a reverse primer, wherein said capture primer comprises: i) a 3′ region configured to hybridize to a target nucleic acid such that it can be extended by a polymerase to form a first amplification product, and ii) a 5′ region comprising a capture sequence, wherein said 5′ region is configured to not hybridize to said target nucleic when said 3′ region of said capture primer is hybridized to said target nucleic acid, and wherein said reverse primer is configured to hybridize to said first extension product and be extended to form a second extension product; and (b) a controller operably connected to said sequencing device, said controller configured to query a database with said nucleic acid sequence data to identify said target nucleic acid. 